Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

 The Ottoman Empire (or Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 to 1924) (Ottoman Turkish: "Dolat Alia Osmaniye", Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti) was a Muslim empire ruled by Turks from 1299 to 1922. At its height (16th–17th centuries), the empire spanned three continents and covered much of Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The borders of this great empire extended from the Straits of Gibraltar in the west, the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf in the east, and the borders of Austria, Slovakia and Crimea (present-day Ukraine) in the north to Sudan, Somalia and Yemen in the south. It had 29 provinces in addition to the tributary territories of Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia.

status
Kingdom
Capital
So Got
(1299–1335)
Bursa[1]
(1335–1413)
Adarna[2][dn 1]
(1413–1453)
Constantinople[dn 2]
(1453–1922)
Common languages
Ottoman Turkey (Official), many others
Religion
Islam
Government
Absolute monarchy
(1299–1876)
(1878–1908)
(1920–1922)
Constitutional monarchy
(1876–1878)
(1908–1920)

The Sultan
 
• 1299–1326
Usman I (I)
• 1918–1922
Muhammad VI (end)
Chief Minister
 
• 1320–1331
Aladdin Pasha (I)
• 1920–1922
Ahmed Tawfiq Pasha (end)
Legislature
General Assembly
• Upper House
The Senate
• Lower House
House of Representatives
History
 
•
27 July 1299
• Interval
20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413
• 1. Constitutional
23 November 1876 – 13 February 1878
• 2. Constitutional
23 July 1908 – 1 November 1922
• End of Empire [dn 3]
November 1, 1922
•
29 October 1923
Area
1683[3]
5,200,000 km2 (2,000,000 sq mi)
1914[4]
1,800,000 km2 (690,000 sq mi)
population
• 1856
35350000
• 1906
20884000
• 1912[5]
24000000
Currency
Ake, Para, Sultani, Qureshi, 

  From Rise to                         Rise 

          (1299-1453)

After the collapse of the Seljuk Roman Empire, Tawif al-Muluki spread in Anatolia and various chieftains established their own independent states known as Ghazi emirates.
By 1300, the declining Byzantine Empire lost most of its provinces in Anatolia to these Ghazi emirates. One of these emirates was located in the region of the city of Iski in western Anatolia, whose ruler was Osman
It is said that when Ertugrul migrated to Anatolia, he saw two armies fighting each other, one outnumbered and the other outnumbered, and due to his naturally compassionate nature, Ertugrul sided with the smaller army and sent 400 horsemen. jumped into the battlefield with And the army, approaching defeat, was able to turn the tide of the battle with this sudden aid. The army that Ertuğrul helped was actually a Seljuk Roman army against the Christians and in recognition of Ertuğrul's services for this victory, he gave them a fief near his city.
After the death of Ertugrul in 1281, the leadership of this estate came to the hands of Osman I, who declared independence from the Seljuk Empire in 1299 and founded the Ottoman Empire.
Osman I expanded the borders of this small kingdom to the borders of the Byzantine Empire and moved the capital to Bureaus after the conquest. Osman I is highly regarded among the Turks. In fact, he possessed very high qualities. Along with the mujahid of the day and the worshiper of the night, he was also a very gentle, simple, hospitable, generous and compassionate person. His reign led to the strengthening of the foundations of the Ottoman Empire.
It was the solid foundation laid by Osman I that within a century of his death the Ottoman Empire had expanded to the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans.
This great series of conquests of the empire was continued by the successors of Osman, but in 1402, Timur Lang invaded Anatolia and the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid Yıldırım was captured after being defeated, but it was the first determination of the Ottomans that they continued their dying empire. not only restored, but in a few decades won the greatest victory in history like the conquest of Constantinople. This raised the prestige of the Ottomans all over the world. The restoration of the Ottoman Empire is credited to Bayezid Yildirim's son Muhammad I, who is known as "Muhammad Chalabi" among the Turks due to his high morals and qualities.
The conquest of Constantinople is the golden chapter in the history of the Turks, especially the Ottomans. On May 29, 1453, under the leadership of the 21-year-old Sultan Muhammad II (Sultan Muhammad Fatih), this army conquered this great city and made it their capital by performing amazing feats. Thus, Muhammad Caesar became Rome, and this title indicated his intentions that the Ottomans would soon conquer Rome, and to achieve the same goals, Ottoman forces landed on the Italian peninsula in 1480 and captured the cities of Otranto and Apulia. but with the death of Muhammad Fateh in 1481, the conquest of Italy came to an end.


  Expansion 
         (1453-1683)

This period of Ottoman history can be divided into two distinct periods: a period of territorial, economic and cultural growth until 1566, followed by a period of military and political stagnation.


 Expansion and      Peak (1453-1566)
The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 laid the foundation for the emergence of the Ottoman Empire as a major power in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, and by 1566 began a long period of conquests in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. These victories were due to the well-disciplined army and modern military force, in which the use of gunpowder and a strong navy played a very important role. The most important role in the economy of the state was trade because all land and sea trade routes between Europe and Asia passed through the Ottoman Empire.
One after another, other great sultans played an important role in expanding the borders of the empire, in which the name of Selim I stands out, who focused on the east and south and defeated Shah Ismail Safavi of the Safavid Empire in the Battle of Chaldean and the Ottoman government in Egypt. established. Suleiman the Great (1520-1566), the successor of Selim, expanded the empire in the west and after the conquest of Belgrade in 1521, he defeated the Ottomans in Hungary and other Central European regions through the Battle of Mohacs in 1526. After that, they besieged Vienna in 1529, but due to the cold weather and strong resistance of the city's residents, this siege failed, thus the Ottoman storm waves hit the walls of Vienna and returned, and the borders of the Ottoman Empire were in Central Europe. Can never go beyond this city.
During Suleiman's reign, Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia became vassals of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottomans recaptured Baghdad from Iran and gained naval access to the Persian Gulf by capturing the Mesopotamia.



During the reigns of Selim and Suleiman, the Ottoman Navy became the greatest naval force in the world, conquering most of the Mediterranean. The most important role in these conquests was the Ottoman Amir al-Bahr Khair al-Din Pasha Barbarossa, who achieved many magnificent military victories during the reign of Suleiman.
In which the victories of Tunisia and Algeria against Spain and the safe transfer of Muslims and Jews to the Ottoman land after the fall of Granada and the victory of Nice against the Holy Roman Empire in 1543 are worth mentioning. In the 16th century, the growing power of Western European powers, especially the Portuguese, in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean created serious problems for the Ottoman Navy. With the Ottomans closing the routes to the east and south, European forces began to search for new routes to Asia. And discovered new routes to India and China.

Revolts and         Revivals 
(1566-1683)


Sulaiman death in 1566 marked the beginning of the end of regional conquests. The emergence of Western European empires as naval powers and the discovery of alternative routes from Europe to Asia and the "New World" (the Americas) severely damaged the Ottoman economy. At such a critical time when the Ottoman Empire needed enlightened rulers, unfortunately it had to endure a long period of incompetent rulers which seriously damaged the kingdom on the internal and military fronts. Despite all these difficulties, the conquests of the empire continued until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, but after this war, the expansion of the empire in Europe ended completely.
. In addition to the discovery of new trade routes by Western Europe, the influx of large quantities of silver from the "New World" into Spain led to a rapid devaluation of the Ottoman coinage. During the reign of Salim Sani, Prime Minister Mohammad Pasha Sokolli presented plans for the construction of the Suez Canal and the Don-Volga Canal to stabilize the economy, but they could not be implemented.
During the same period, Catholic forces in southern Europe led by Philip II of Spain conspired to undermine Ottoman naval power in the Mediterranean. Defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 led to the immediate end of the empire's supremacy in the Mediterranean. Therefore, many historians have described the defeat in the Battle of Lepanto as a sign of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, the golden age of conquests and achievements came to an end by the end of the 16th century.
There are many reasons for the Ottomans to stop their conquests at a specific location. One is the limitation due to geographical features in ancient times, due to which the Ottoman army did not go beyond Vienna during the war season from early spring to late autumn. could Other reasons included simultaneously fighting two different rivals on both sides of the border (Austria in Europe and the Safavid rulers of Iran in Asia). In addition, the intellectual, mental and military stagnation sealed the decline of the Ottomans, because militarily the use of modern weapons was the reason for large-scale and rapid conquests, and the growing stereotypes of the religious and intellectual class prevented the modern military of Europeans. Left the Ottomans far behind in terms of technology.


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. The Janissaries, from whom all the armies of Europe trembled, became complacent and caused the ruin of the state by interfering in the political affairs of the country. Murad IV (1612 to 1640), who took Yerevan (1635) and Baghdad (1639) from the Safavids, was the only ruler of this period who strengthened the empire politically and militarily. Murad IV was the last Sultan to lead the army himself. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the Jalali Rebellion (1519–1610) and the Janissary Rebellion (1622) promoted widespread lawlessness and riots in Anatolia and led to the collapse of several governments.Thus the 17th century was a century of stagnation and decline for the Ottomans. In the period from 1530 to 1660, the intervention and influence of the harem in domestic affairs cannot be ignored, in which the mothers of the young sultan played the most important role. Prominent women of this period include Khuram Sultan, Kusum Sultan and Torkhan  Khadij and others


Status Quo and Reforms 
(1699-1827)

During the period of stagnation, many areas of the Balkans came under the control of Austria. Several regions of the state, such as Egypt and Algeria, became fully independent and eventually came under the control of the British and French empires. During the 17th to 19th century, many wars were fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which are called the Russo-Turkish Wars. This long period of stagnation of the Ottomans has also been described by historians as a period of failed reforms. Towards the end of this period, educational and technological reforms were also carried out in the state and institutions of higher learning such as Istanbul Technical University were established. But the religious and military class with ancient thinking strongly opposed the reforms Even the printing house was declared as a "satanic invention" due to which the Ottoman Empire was deprived of printing houses for 43 years after the invention of the printing house in Europe in 1450, but in 1493 the Jews expelled from Spain opened the first in Istanbul. Set up a raiding station
             to be continued