Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a Timurid prince and ruler of Central Asia. Babur was a direct descendant of the Timurid Emperor Amir Timur on his father's side and the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan on his mother's side. The family was expelled from their homeland in Turkestan by Shibani Khan. 40-year-old Prince Babur headed to India to fulfill his ambitions. He established rule in Kabul and then invaded India southward from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. After the victory at Panipat in 1526, Babur forces occupied most of northern India.
However, engagement in constant wars and military campaigns did not allow the new emperor to establish himself in India. The instability of the empire became evident under his son Humayun, who was exiled to Persia by the rebels. Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic relations between the Safavid and Mughal courts and increased West Asian cultural influence in the Mughal court. Mughal rule resumed in India after Humayun's triumphant return from Persia, but Humayun died in an accident soon after. Humayun's son Akbar ascended the throne under his vizier Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Babri Empire in India.
Akbar was able to expand the Mughal Empire through war and diplomacy and occupied almost the entire subcontinent north of the Godavari River. He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, and encouraged cultural development. It increased trade with European trading companies.
Indian historian Abraham Earle has written that foreigners were often impressed by the spectacular wealth of the Babri court, but 655 families accounted for a quarter of the empire's gross national product, while 120 Indian families held government positions. But in this period people were living in poverty. In 1578, Akbar suffered an epileptic seizure while hunting lions, which led Akbar to turn away from Islam, and embrace a hybrid religion of Hinduism and Islam. [15] Akbar allowed freedom of religion in his court and social, political and cultural differences in his empire Tried to solve it, invented a new religion, Deen Ilahi. He left to his son an internally stable state, known for its golden age.
Jahangir, Akbar's son, was addicted to opium and neglected the affairs of state, and came under the influence of greedy ministers. During the reign of Jahangir son Shah Jahan, the glory of the Babri Darbar reached its peak, which is exemplified by the Taj Mahal. However, the cost of maintaining the government began to exceed the revenue generated.
Shah Japan's eldest son Dara Shikoh became the successor in 1658 as a result of his father's illness. Dara Shikoh supported a harmonious Hindu-Muslim religion and culture. However, with the support of religious figures, Shah Japan's younger son Aurangzeb usurped the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and executed him. Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Dara and Aurangzeb saw a succession war for the throne. Finally, when Aurangzeb ascended the throne, he imprisoned Shah Jahan
Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire regained political power, and became the world's largest economy. But when Aurangzeb announced the implementation of Sharia law, huge controversies arose. Aurangzeb expanded the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire at its height spanned 3.2 million square kilometers, which now included India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. After Aurangzeb Is death in 1707, the Mughal Empire began to rebel.
And the empire was divided into small states. Aurangzeb efforts to recapture his family's ancestral lands in Central Asia were unsuccessful. Another problem for Aurangzeb was that the army was always based on the landed aristocracy of northern India who provided the cavalry for the campaigns, and was nothing like the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire. The long and costly conquest of the Deccan had badly dampened the "glow of success" that surrounded Aurangzeb. At the end of the Deccan conquest, Aurangzeb awarded confiscated lands to some noble families in the Deccan.
The elites were not rewarded with confiscated lands and were deeply resentful and unwilling to participate in further campaigns. Aurangzeb Is son Shah Alam abrogated his father's religious policies and attempted to reform the administration. However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty plunged into chaos and violent feuds. By 1719, four kings had succeeded to the throne.
During the reign of Muhammad Shah, the empire began to disintegrate, and large swaths of central India passed from the Board's to the Marathas. In order to conquer a region, the Mughals always attacked and captured the main fort of the region. The Hindu Marathas were expert horsemen who refused to participate in wars under the Mughals. was The Marathas were unable to capture the forts through sieges as they lacked artillery. But they managed to starve the army of the Mughal forts by constantly intercepting the supply caravans of the Mughal army.
Because of the Marathas, the Mughal commanders changed their tactics time and time again but were not successful, due to which the Mughals lost more land to the Marathas than they had. [24] The Indian campaign of Nadir Shah of Persia ended with the conquest of Delhi and shattered the remnants of power and prestige of the Mughal Empire as well as capturing the royal treasury. Many of the empire's elites tried to control their own affairs and split off to form independent kingdoms. The Mughal emperor, however, remained the supreme embodiment of sovereignty. Not only Muslims but also Maratha, Hindu and Sikh leaders formally recognized the emperor as the sovereign emperor of India.
Afghans, Sikhs and Marathas fought against each other and the Mughals. The Mughal emperor Shah Alam II made unsuccessful attempts to reverse the decline of the Mughal Empire, but he could not succeed and was forced to seek protection from outside powers. In 1784, the Marathas under Mahadji Shinde recognized the Emperor as protectorate at Delhi and this subordination continued until after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. After that, the British East India Company became the protectorate of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. [27] After 1835 the Company no longer recognized the authority of the Emperor Andante removed all references to their coinage. After the Indian War of Independence in 1857, the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed by the British and Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Myanmar. The British took over the erstwhile Mughal Empire and ruled India. More read.
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